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The Law Mills Again at Work Political Cartoon

Written By Rager Butenway1989 Sunday, March 20, 2022 Add Comment Edit

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Form of Government

�������: one.one. BEFORE READING learn the following words and phrases which are essential on the topic:

administrative - �������������� (� ������); ����������������, ��������������, �����������������

engage - ��������� (�� ���������), ���������� (� ���������)

authority - ������, ����������; ����� ������, ����� ����������; ����� �����������

branch of power � ����� ������, ����� ��������������� ����������

citizen - ���������; ��������� (�������� ������ �����������)

country � ������; ����� ������; ������, ���������

courtroom � ���, ������ ����

section - �����������; ���������, ������������, �����

elect - �������� (������������), ��������

executive = executive authorization, executive branch, executive body, assistants - �������������� ������; �������������; ����� �������������� ������

exercise power � ������������ �������� ����������, ��������� ������, ��������� ��������������� ������

government - ��������������� ����������; ������������ �����; �������������; ����������������� �������

caput of state - ����� �����������

independence - ���������, �������������, �����������������, �����������

judiciary = judicial system - �������� ������; �������� �������; ��������������

legislature = legislative authorisation, law-making body, legislative body - ��������������� ������; ��������������� �����

manage - ����������, ���������, ����������; ������ �� �����

monarch = sovereign, the Crown � ������; ������, ��������, ������, �������; ����������� ������

parliament - ���������

policy � ��������, ������������ ����, ���� ��������, ����� ���������

party - ������������ ������

political power � ��������������� ������, ������������ ������

regulate - ������������, ���������; ����������������; �������������, ��������� � �������

representative commonwealth - ���������������� ����������

rights and freedoms - ����� � �������

separation of ability - ���������� ����������, ������������� ������, ���������� �������

serve - �������� �� ��������������� ������, �������, ��������

state � �����������; ���� (��� ������� ��������� � ��� � ���������)

state structure = state grade of authorities - ��������������� ����������

�������:

one.two. SCANNING

State System of Russia

1. Government is a political organization which performs the functions of the supreme administrative trunk of a land. Governments are classified in a groovy many ways: monarchic systems oppose republican governments; democratic governments are distinguished from dictatorships; federal states are distinguished from unitary states ; cabinet governments are distinguished from presidential ones.

two. The Russian federation (RF) is a democratic federal land with the republican form of Regime. The give-and-take "federation", equally a part of the proper name of modern Russia, means that in our land every political subdivision, despite its size, population, and economics , has the same rights along with others. No region, even the majority of regions, tin force the others to accept or make a determination : common agreement is necessary.

3. Land power in our country is exercised on the basis of the separation of powers amid the legislative (the Federal Assembly), judicial (courts of the RF), and executive (the Government) branches. The President as a caput of the land coordinates the activity of all three branches of power. He is the guarantor of the Constitution of the RF and of human being and ceremonious rights and freedoms of citizens. The President is elected for a term of six years by the citizens of Russia on the basis of full general, equal and direct vote past cloak-and-dagger ballot . A citizen of the RF not younger than 35, who has resided in the RF for non less than x years, may be elected President of the RF but not more than for two terms in succession .

iv. The legislative power is exercised by the Federal Associates , which consists of the Federation Quango and the State Duma . The State Duma has 450 seats which are allocated to the various political parties based on national election results. The deputies are elected for a 4-year term. The Upper Bedchamber - the Federation Council � reflects the federal nature of our state, whereby political power is divided between a key dominance and all locally autonomous units � the Subjects of the Federation. In that location are two deputies of the Quango from each Subject: one from the executive and one from the representative bodies . The main chore of the deputies is to brand laws.

5. The executive power in Russia is exercised by the Government headed by the Prime-Minister who is appointed by the President with consent of the Country Duma. The Authorities manages federal property and ensures :

o  the implementation of a uniform monetary policy in Russia ;

o  the implementation of a compatible land policy in the field of culture, science, education, health, social security and ecology;

o  the land'south defense, country security and the implementation of the foreign policy of the RF.

The piece of work of the Regime is regulated by federal constitutional law.

vi. The judicial power belongs to the system of courts. It consists of the Ramble Courtroom, the Supreme Court , the Higher Arbitration Court and inferior courts . All federal judges are appointed past the President of the RF.

seven. The Constitutional Court interprets the Constitution of our country. Legislative enactments , executive bylaws and international agreements may not be applied if they violate the Constitution.

8. The Supreme Court is the highest judiciary torso on ceremonious, criminal, administrative and other matters triable by full general jurisdiction courts , and shall event judiciary supervision over their activeness and shall offer explanations on judicial practice issues .

ix. The Supreme Arbitration Courtroom is the highest judiciary body resolving economical disputes and other cases considered by arbitration courts, and carries out judicial supervision over their activity.

�������:

1.three. LEXIS

perform - ���������, ���������

monarchic - �������������

republican - ���������������

democratic - ���������������

federal state - ���������, ������������ �����������

unitary state - ��������� �����������

cabinet government � ��������������, ����������� ��������� (������� ���������� ������������, ��� ������� �������� ���� ������ ������� ���������)

presidential government - ������������� ����� ���������; �������������, ����������� � ������������� ������ �����������

subdivision � �������������

despite - �������� ��, ������� ����-�.

economics - ������������� �����, ������������� ��������������, ������������� ����������

majority � �����������

take � �����������, ���������

brand a decision � ������� �������

common agreement - ����� ��������

guarantor - ����������; ������

full general, equal and direct vote � �������� ������ �����������

hush-hush ballot - ������ �����������

reside - ���������, ����

in succession - ������

Federal Associates � ����������� ��������

Federation Council � ����� ���������

State Duma - ��������������� ����

key authority - ����������� ������

locally autonomous unit � ����������������� ����������

deputy - �������

representative body - ���������������� �����

consent � ��������, ����������

ensure - �������������, ������������

implementation - ����������, ����������, �������������, ����������, �������� � ��������

compatible monetary policy - ������ ��������-�������� ��������

compatible land policy � ������ ��������������� ��������

social security - ���������� �����������, ���������� �����������

country security � ��������������� ������������

foreign policy - ������� ��������

Supreme Court - ��������� ���

Higher Mediation Court � ������ ����������� ���

junior courts - ����������� ���

judge � �����

legislative enactment - ��������������� ���

bylaw - ����������� ���; ������������� ������� ������� ������

utilize � ���������, ������������

violate - ��������, ��������, ����������

triable by general jurisdiction courts - ���������� ������������ � ���� ����� ����������

supervision - ������, ����������; �����������, ��������

judicial exercise bug � ������� �������� ��������

resolve economic disputes � �������� ������� �� ������������� ������

carry out - �����������; ���������, ���������; ������������

�������:

i.4. Formation

- democrat, democracy, democratic, democratize;

- execute, executed, unexecuted, executing, executor, executory, executorial, executive, executable, execution;

- govern, governable, ungovernable, governance, governed, governing, governor, governess, regime, governmental;

- parliament, parliamentary, unparliamentary, parliamentarism;

- preside, President, presidency, presidential;

- represent, representing, represented, representable, representative, representation, unrepresentative, misrepresent, misrepresentation;

- republic, republican, republicanism;

- supervise, supervised, supervising, supervisory, supervision.

�������:

i.v. QUESTIONS

1. What is a broad meaning of the term �regime�?

2. How are governments classified?

3. What kind of land is the RF?

4. How many branches of ability are on the federal level? Who coordinates all of them?

5. How are the deputies of both chambers of the Federal Assembly chosen?

6. What is the jurisdiction of these ii chambers?

7. Who is the executive power in the RF headed by?

eight. How is the work of Government regulated?

ix. What are:

- the powers of the President?

- the powers of Government of the Russia?

x. What is the composition of the judicial organisation in the RF?

11. What is the jurisdiction of three highest judicial bodies?

�������:

1.6. AGREE OR DISAGREE

i.  In a federation no region, even the bulk of regions, can force the others to accept a decision.

ii.  In a federation the class of state structure is highly centralized.

three.  The RF President is elected for a term of half-dozen years by the deputies of the Federal Associates.

4.  Any citizen of the RF may be elected President of the RF.

5.  The State Duma reflects the federal nature of our land.

6.  The main task of the executive agencies is to make laws.

7.  All federal judges are elected by people on the basis of general, equal and straight vote by hole-and-corner ballot.

8.  The Supreme Court is the highest judiciary body resolving economic disputes.

�������:

1.7. SAY WHAT Yous KNOW almost:

ane)  the characteristic features of federal form of the Russia;

2)  pluses and minuses of the democracy;

3)  the divergence between the role of law-enforcement agencies in democratic and totalitarian states.

�������: one.8. DEBATES

1.  Does Russian Federation take national symbols? What practise they symbolize?

2.  Why does the Parliament serve as the main appliance of the democracy? Requite arguments.

3.  Exercise yous support the statement: �It is not the voting that is commonwealth, information technology is counting�?

four.  What problems of Russian democracy evolution are the well-nigh urgent in your stance?

v.  How practise you sympathise the well-known idea: �The essence of the democracy is non the majority power but the protection of the minority�? How does this thought respond the master principle of the commonwealth of minority subordination to the majority?

�������:

one.9. Earlier READING

1. What do you know about the European monarchies?

2. Proper noun some of the British Monarchs. What did they get famous for?

�������:

one.10. SCANNING

British Monarchy

1. The United Kingdom is 1 of six ramble monarchies within the European Customs . The kingdom includes the isle of Great U.k. (comprising England, Scotland, and Wales) and Northern Republic of ireland. Windsor every bit the name of the royal family of Great United kingdom was adopted in 1917. The name was taken from Windsor Castle . Reigning members of the business firm of Windsor have been George V, Edward VIII, George VI, and Elizabeth Ii.

2. Actually the Monarch reigns but does non rule . He or she summons and dissolves Parliament; he/she normally opens new sessions of Parliament with a speech from the throne in which the major government policies are outlined. The Monarch must give the Royal Assent earlier a Bill which has passed all its stages in both Houses of Parliament can become a legal enactment (Act of Parliament). As Head of Land the Monarch has the power to sign international agreements, to cede or receive territory, and to declare war or brand peace. The Monarch confers honours and makes appointments to all important offices of state , including ministers, judges, officers in the armed services, diplomats and the leading positions in the Established Church . These acts form part of the Royal Prerogative , defined as arbitrary authority of legislative, executive and judicial character.

iii. The House of Commons is a popular assembly elected for a term of non more than than 5 years by virtually universal adult suffrage . The Members of Parliament (MPs) - represent 660 geographical areas ( constituencies ) into which the country is divided for balloter purposes (528 for England, 41 for Wales, more than 70 for Scotland and about xx for Northern Ireland). If an MP dies, resigns or is fabricated a peer , a past-election is held in that constituency to elect a new MP. Leaders of the Government and Opposition sit on the forepart benches of the Eatables, with their supporters ( back-benchers ) behind them. The House is presided over by the Speaker .

4. The House of Lords is probably the only upper Firm in the autonomous world whose members are not elected. It is made up of the Lords Spiritual (the Archbishops of York and Canterbury and 25 bishops) and the Lords Temporal . The number of peers is not fixed ; as of 1 April 2011 the Business firm of Lords had 792 members. Only ninety of them were hereditary peers. The rest were life peers , named by the Sovereign on the advice of the Prime Minister, thus they could non pass on their title when they die. The main legislative role of peers is to examine and revise bills from the Eatables merely the House can but delay a Bill from becoming law for a maximum of 12 months. The Lords cannot usually preclude proposed legislation from condign constabulary if the Commons insists on it.

5. Executive power in Uk belongs to a Prime Government minister and the cabinet of ministers. The Prime Government minister is usually the leader of the majority party in the Firm of Commons. He or she consults and advises the Monarch on government business , supervises and to some extent coordinates the work of the various ministries and departments and is the principal spokesperson for the regime in the Business firm of Commons.

vi. The cabinet is the nucleus of custom, cabinet ministers are selected from among members of the ii houses of Parliament. They are appointed by the Crown on the recommendation of the Prime number Minister. The number of members of the British cabinet varies merely usually is virtually 25-30 ministers. The cabinet meets in private and its deliberations are secret; no vote is taken, and, past the principle of "cabinet unanimity ", collective responsibility is causeless for all decisions taken. It is a political convention for the Chiffonier to act as a unmarried man , which means that a minister who cannot accept a Cabinet decision must resign .

7. The main opposition party forms a Shadow Cabinet , which is more or less as the Regime would exist if the party were in ability, and the relevant members act equally opposition spokesmen on major issues.

�������: 1.11. LEXIS

European Community - ����������� ������������� ����������

adopt - ���������

Windsor Castle - ����������� ����� (���� �� ����������� ���������� ���������� ���������� ������� � �. ��������, �������� �������; ���������� ������������ � ������������� ��������. ������������� ����� ������ ��� ���������� ����������� � 1070)

reign � �����������; ����� ������, �������

rule - �������; ��������������

summon � ��������, ��������

dissolve - ���������� ������������, ����������

Imperial Prerogative - ����������� �����������

Royal Assent - ����������� ������� (��������� ����������� ������)

bill - ������������

legal enactment - �����, ����, ��������������� ���

sign - �����������(��), ������� �������

cede - ���������, �������

confer honours - ��������, �������� �������, �������

appointment � ���������� (�� ���������, �����)

office of state - ��������������� ���������, ����������

Established Church - ��������������� ������� (���������� �������� ������������ � �������� ������������� ��)

arbitrary authority � ���������� ����������� ��������� �������

House of Eatables - ������ �����

popular assembly � �������� ��������

universal adult suffrage - �������� ������������� �����

constituency - ������������� �����

exist fabricated a peer - �������� � ����, ��������� ������ ������ ������

hold by-election - ��������� �������������� ������

front bench - ������������ ������ � ���������� ���������� ��� ������, ���������� �������� ��������� � ����������

dorsum-bencher - ������� ���� ����������, "���������������"

preside over - ��������������������

Speaker - ������ (������� ����������� ���� � ������ �����; ������������������ �� � ����������, ������ �� ����������� ������ ������������� ��������� � �������� �������; ���������� �� ����� ������ ������; �� ��������� ������� � ������� � �����������, �� ����������� ��� �������, ����� ������ ������� �������; ����� ��� ����� �������� ��������)

Firm of Lords - ������ ������

upper House - ������� ������

Lords Spiritual - "�������� �����" (�������� - ����� ������ ������)

Lords Temporal - "������� �����" (�������� ����� ������ ������)

ready - �������������; �����������

hereditary peer - �������������� ���

life peer - ����������� ���

pass on - ����������, ��������� (�� ���������� � �. �.)

examine � �������������; �������

revise - ������������, ��������, ��������������, ��������������, ��������������

filibuster - �����������, ���������; ��������������

prevent - ��������������, ������, �� ���������

proposed legislation - ������������ ������������

insist on - ���������� ��

majority party � ������ �����������

government business - ��������������� ������

ministry building - ���������, �����������, ������������

spokesperson � �������������; ����, ����������� �� �����-�. �����, ������

nucleus - ����; �����

cabinet minister - ���� ������ ���������

vary - ��������(��), ������(��)

integrate � ����������, �������������

submission - �������� �� ������������, ������������� ����������

in private - �������; ���������������

deliberation - ������������, ����������, ���������

unanimity - ����������

collective responsibility - ������������ ��������������� (������� ����������, ��� ������� ������ ���� ������, ������������ �������, ��������� ���� �������� ������ ��� ������� �������� �� ���� ������ ��������������� �� ��� ������� ������� ������)

single man � ���� ����, ������ �������

resign - ������� � ��������, �������� � ��������; ��������� ����

Shadow Chiffonier - "������� �������" (������������� ������� ������� ������������� ������, ��������� �� ������� �������� ���� ������, ������� ���������� ���� �� ���������, ��� � ����� ��������)

�������:

1.12. FORMATION

- constitution, constitutional, unconstitutional,

not-ramble, constitutionalism, constitutionality, constitutionally;

- evolve, evolution, evolutional, evolutionist, evolutionary;

- king, kingcraft, kingdom, kinglike, kingly, kingmaker;

- monarch, monarchy, monarchist, monarchic, monarchical.

- history, prehistory, celebrated, prehistoric, historical, historically, historian, historiography, historiographer, historicity;

- oppose, opposable, opposed, opposer, opposing, reverse, oppositely, opposition.

�������:

1.13. QUESTIONS

1.  How many European states are constitutional monarchies?

2.  Which parts does the Uk comprise?

3.  What are the powers and functions of the Monarch today?

4.  Who governs in the proper name of the Sovereign?

v.  How are cabinet members selected?

half dozen.  What does the British Parliament consist of?

7.  What types of lords are in the upper sleeping room?

8.  How are members of the Firm of Commons elected?

9.  How long is the term of MPs?

ten.  Is the Prime number Minister in GB usually elected or appointed?

xi.  What are the functions of the Prime Minister?

12.  How is the Cabinet formed?

13.  Is the number of members of the British Chiffonier stock-still?

14.  It is a political convention for the Cabinet to deed equally a single man. What does it mean?

xv.  What is a Shadow Cabinet?

�������:

1.14. AGREE OR DISAGREE

1.  In fact the Monarch reigns but does not rule.

2.  The Monarch makes appointments to all important offices of state, excluding judges and leading positions in the Established Church.

three.  Part of the Queen's Majestic Prerogative is the power to prorogue Parliament.

4.  A Bill becomes an Act of Parliament fifty-fifty without the Royal Assent.

5.  A Cabinet cannot exist formed or a Government minister cannot take upwards role without the Monarch's consent and approval.

6.  The Monarch does not have the power to cede territory or to declare war.

7.  The position of Prime Minister is based on convention, not statute.

eight.  The Crown presides over meetings of the Chiffonier.

9.  The Chiffonier meets in private and its discussions are secret.

x.  The Cabinet determines, controls and integrates the authorities policies which are and so presented to Parliament for consideration.

�������: i.15. SAY WHAT You KNOW almost:

1) any of the 56 monarchs of England, from Alfred the Groovy, in the 9th century, to Elizabeth Ii today;

2) the changes that the Majestic Family has shown itself willing to accept, such as The Queen�due south decision to pay tax, changes beingness made to the Ceremonious List, and the opening of Buckingham Palace to the public to assistance fund the restoration of Windsor castle;

3) the history of the British Parliament;

iv) some traditions and ceremonies still kept in the Parliament;

v) the United kingdom Constitutional Reform, 1999;

vi) the futurity of the monarchy in Great United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland.

�������:

1.16. Earlier READING

Provide a detailed examination of the historical and philosophical origins of the federal thought and its subsequent evolution as modern federalism.

�������:

1.17. SCANNING

The states Political Arrangement

ane. The Us of America is a federal democracy and a representative commonwealth on the continent of N America, consisting of 50 states. The nation Constitution defines the powers of national and state governments, the functions and framework of all three branches of federal regime (legislative, executive, judicial) and the rights of individual citizens.

2. The form of authorities is based on three main principles: federalism , the separation of powers, and respect for the Constitution and the dominion of law . Americans are field of study to two governments, that of their state and that of the Union, and each has its own distinct function. The states take, nether the Constitution, the main functions of providing police and order , education, public health and most of the things which concern solar day-to-day life. The Federal government at Washington is concerned with foreign affairs and with matters of general concern to all the states, including commerce between usa.

3. At each level, in state and Spousal relationship, there is a constitution which defines and limits political power, and which provides safeguards against tyranny and means for popular participation . In each land, power is divided betwixt three agencies , with constabulary-making power given to a legislature (usually of ii houses, elected for stock-still terms), an executive (the governor ), and finally the judges of the State Supreme Court . Each country is divided into counties , which take their ain powers, and in that location are too special-purpose areas for some functions of local involvement.

iv. The Federal government also has three elements - executive (the President), legislature ( Congress ) and judicial (federal courts), and the iii elements are checked and balanced past one another. The President is the constructive caput of the executive co-operative of government likewise as caput of state. In November of each leap twelvemonth a President is elected to serve for exactly four years from a fixed 24-hour interval in the following January. The four-year rhythm has never been broken. Together with the President, a Vice-President is elected, and if the President dies the Vice-President becomes President for the unexpired part of the four years - which could be three years or but three months. According to the Constitution a Vice-President acts as the presiding officer of the U. S. Senate.

v. Since the adoption of the Constitution, the national government has increased its functions in economic and social matters and has shared more responsibilities with u.s.. The executive co-operative of the government, headed by the President, comprises 14 departments : e. k. the Section of State , Section of Treasury , Department of Justice , Section of Commerce , Section of Health and Human Services , Department of Pedagogy, Section of Transportation , Section of Energy .

vi. All legislative powers are exercised by the Congress of the United states. Congress consists of two houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives . The Senate contains 100 senators , two representing each state - a provision of the Constitution not bailiwick to subpoena . The 435 members of the Firm are elected by the dissimilar states on the basis of their population at the most recent U. S. census . California has the largest number of representatives, 52; several states, such equally Delaware , Alaska and Vermont , accept just one. Representatives serve two-twelvemonth terms, and senators six-year terms. Every two years all 435 members of the House are elected, and one-third of the senators.

seven. The federal court system includes the Supreme Court of the U.s.a., established by the Constitution; and 12 courts of appeal (sometimes chosen circuit courts ), 91 district courts , and special courts such as the Tax Courtroom and the Court of Veterans' Appeals , all established past Congress. The federal courts perform two constitutional functions. First, they interpret the meaning of laws and administrative regulations ; this is known as statutory construction . 2nd, the courts determine whether any law passed by Congress or country legislatures, or any administrative action taken by the national or state executive branches, violates the U. Southward. Constitution; this is known as judicial review .

�������: 1.eighteen. LEXIS

framework - ���������, ��������

federalism - ����������

respect for - ��������; ������������ ���������

rule of law - ������� ���������� �����

exist subject to � �����������, ���������� ��� ���������, �������� ��

distinct - ���������; ������, ��������������

provide � ������������, �������������

police and club - ������������

public health - ���������������

business organisation - ��������, ����������; �����������

24-hour interval-to-twenty-four hours - ���������, ���������, ������������

be concerned with - ������� ���-�.; ��������� � ���-�.; ������� ��������� � ����-�.

foreign affairs - ������������� ���������; ������� ��������

matter - ����, ������, �������

commerce - ��������; ���������

safeguards - ���� ������������

means � ��������, ��������

popular participation - ������� ���������, �������� ���������

bureau - �����, ����������, �����������, ���������

police-making power - ����� ����������������, ����� ��������������������

governor - ����������

State Supreme Court � ��������� ��� �����

canton - �����, ��������, ��������

special-purpose surface area � ��������������� �������������, ������������ ��� ���������� ���� (�����, ������������� �� ������ �������� �������� ���������� �������; ����� � ������� ������������ � ����� ����������� � �. �.)

Congress - ��������

check - ������������, ����������, ����������, ������������

residue - ��������� ����������; �������������� (���-�.; ���-�.)

effective � ��.: �����������; �����������

jump yr - ���������� ���

rhythm � ����, �������������, �����������

vice-president - ����-���������

unexpired - ���������� (� �����)

presiding officer - �������������������� ����, ����, ����������� �� ������������� �������� �������

national government - �����������, ������������ �������������

increase - �����������; ���������

share - ������, ������������; ���������, ��������

responsibility � ���������������; �����������; �������������

incorporate - ��������, ��������� � ����, ���������

Department of State - ��������������� ����������� (������������ ����������� ��� ���)

Department of Treasury - ������������ ��������

Department of Justice - ������������ �������

Department of Commerce - ������������ ��������

Department of Health and Man Services - ������������ ��������������� � ���������� ����� [����������� �����������]

Department of Transportation � ������������ ����������

Department of Energy - ������������ ����������

Senate - ����� (������� ������ ��������� ���)

House of Representatives - ������ �������������� (������ ������)

senator � �������, ���� ������ ���

provision - ���������, ������� (�������� � �. �.)

not subject to amendment � �� ����������� ��������, �� ���������� ���������

demography - �������� ���������, ���� ��������

Delaware - ������� (���������� - DE ��� Del.)

Vermont - �������

courtroom of entreatment - ������������� ���

circuit court - ����������� �������� ���

district courtroom - ����������� �������� ��� (������ ���������)

Tax Court - ��������� ���

Court of Veterans' Appeals � ���, ��������������� ��������� ���������

translate - ���������, ���������, ����������������

administrative regulation - ���������������� �����������

statutory construction - ���������� ������

violate - ��������, ��������, ����������

judicial review - �������� ��������

�������:

ane.19. FORMATION

- amend, amending, amended, unamended, amendable, amendatory, amendment;

- limit, limitable, limited, limitless, unlimited, delimited, limiting, limitating, limitation, limiter;

- settle, settleable, settled, settler, settlement, settling, unsettled;

- stable, unstable, stableness, stability, unstability, stabilize, stabilizing, stabilized, unstabilized, stabilizer, stabilizable, stabilization, stabilizator.

�������:

1.20. QUESTIONS

1. How many states are there in the U.s.?

2. How old is the Usa Constitution?

3. Each land in the United states of america has its own constitution, doesn�t it?

4. What is the US national government responsible for?

5. The seat of the national authorities is New York, isn�t it?

6. What is the purpose of creating a organization of checks and balances?

7. How many members are called to the The states Congress?

eight. Do all states accept the same number of members of the House of Representatives?

ix. Are all senators reelected every two years?

10. What is the structure of the federal court system?

eleven. Why are federal courts sometimes called constitutional courts?

�������:

1.21. Agree OR DISAGREE

1.  Americans are subject to two governments.

2.  The executive branch of the federal government comprises 25 departments.

iii.  Representatives serve four-year terms, and senators ii-year terms.

iv.  The Supreme Court of the United States, as well as 12 courts of appeal, 91 commune courts, and special courts such as the Tax Courtroom and the Court of Veterans' Appeals, are all established past Congress.

v.  The federal courts perform 2 constitutional functions.

�������:

1.22. SAY WHAT YOU KNOW most:

1)  how the Constitution of the The states was created;

2)  amendments to the Us Constitution;

iii)  the Neb of Rights (1791) as a part of the Us Constitution;

4)  elections of the U.s. President and the part of Electoral College;

5)  some of the American states.

�������: 1.23. DEBATES

In Russia, the national (indigenous) principle, even though supplemented past the territorial ane, has become the crucial 1 in building federal statehood. On the contrary, the national (ethnic) gene is not a federal principle in the USA and has no pregnant in the construction of American federalism. Why is it so?

ane.24. KEY WORDS

Deed of Parliament

administrative

authority

branch of power

past-election

Chiffonier

chairperson

checks and balances

denizen

Congress

constituency

constitution

constitutional court

state

court

section

deputy

executive torso

Federal Assembly

federal court

federal government

federalism

Federation Council

general election(s)

authorities

head of state

Higher Arbitration Court

House of Commons

independence

judiciary

legislature

Lord

majority political party

monarch

Official Opposition

parliament

parliamentary monarchy

policy

party

political power

President

representative republic

rights and freedoms

Imperial Family

separation of power

Shadow Chiffonier

Speaker

state

State Duma

state government

Subject field of the Federation

Supreme Court

to appoint

to be field of study to

to elect

to exercise power

to manage

to regulate

to serve

Vice-President

Blue i.25. Brand A Study on the topic �Form of Authorities�, paying attention to the following points in your speech:

- definition of government as a political organization;

- nomenclature of governments;

- partitioning of powers in mod governments;

- comparative description of construction, composition and functions of three branches of ability (legislative, executive and judicial) in Russia, Groovy Britain and the Usa.

����������

������� 2 . ��������� ����� ��������������� � ����� �������������� �����, ���������� �� �� ������� ����.

������:

a homo � men: ������� � �������

a case, a dispute, a spy, a court, a judge, a judgement, a state, a adult female, a law, a right, an organ, a child.

������� three. ��������� �������� ���������������� ������� ������� to be � is/are, � ����������� �� ����� ����������������.

1. Where � your trousers? 2. Could you tell me where the scissors �. 3. Tonight, there � athletics on Tv. 4. Coin � easy to spend and difficult to save. 5. Gloves � worn in cold weather. 6. This pupil�s noesis � amazing. 7. Honey � the reason for much happiness in the world. 8. Your pyjamas � on the bed. ix. My luggage � besides heavy to carry. 10. This bread � stale. 11. My advice to you lot � to stay at home. 12. The glasses � in the closet. thirteen. My mum�due south pilus � really long. xiv. Our bathroom scales � quite accurate. 15. Darts � a popular game in England. 16. This work � too hard for me. 17. People � unhappy with the new tax system. 18. Police force � the department of government concerned with maintenance of public society and enforcement of laws.

������� 4 . ������� �����������, ���������� �� �� ������� ����, ��������� ������������ �������� ��� �� ����������.

������:

The constabulary is on our side. � ����� �� ����� �������.

the law � ������������ �������, ��� ��� ���� ���� � ���������� ������; our side � ���������� ������� ����������� ���, ��� ����� ��������������� ���� ������ ������������ � ���� ��������������� �����������.

A. 1. Criminology deals with offense and its various aspects. 2. Crimes still exist at the nowadays stage of social development. 3. The criminal justice arrangement is the procedure past which people who are defendant of crimes are judged in courtroom. iv. The investigator solved the crime quickly. five. The Government takes a number of measures to forbid crime. 6. The judge determined the juvenile�s act every bit a law-breaking. vii. He gave upwardly law to become a writer. 8. Legislation volition be difficult and have fourth dimension. ix. New legislation is to be introduced to assist unmarried-parent families.

B. 1. Great Great britain is situated to the northwest of Europe on the British Isles. It is fabricated upwards of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. 2. In the middle of Trafalgar Square is the famous Nelson Column, which was built in retentivity of Admiral Nelson�s victory at Trafalgar. iii. The most famous English language painters are Reynolds, Turner and Constable. 4. In that location are many big industrial cities in Swell Britain, such every bit Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Glasgow and others. 5. The English language are proud of their traditions and carefully continue them.

������� 5. �������� �������: a , an , the . ���������� ����������� �� ������� ����.

I arrived at � airport just in time to come across � aeroplane accept off. There is nothing unusual nearly this, exept that I was supposed to be on that airplane! When I went to � desk-bound to ask when � next available flight was, I heard � atrocious noise. I turned to run across � car crashing through � front windows with � police car only behind it. Equally I ran towards � departure gate � policeman stopped me to run into if I was � armed robber they were chasing. I told him I was not � armed robber merely � businessman who had missed his airplane. He let me go and I was able to catch � last flight to my destination.

������� 6. ������� � ���������� ������ ����, ������� �������� �� ������� �������������� �����������.

������:

this state�s economy � ��������� ���� ������, these countriedue south� economy � ��������� ���� �����

that judge�s cases, the courts� sentences, Procurator�south Office, people�south rights and duties, these lawyers� work, the world�s opinion, the deputies� reports.

������� 7. �������������� �����������, ���������� �������������� �����.

1. I�ll see y'all at (the hotel � entrance) later. 2. Nosotros saw (Mrs Jones � dog) in the park. 3. They spoke to (Tim and Mary � daughter) yesterday. 4. I would like you to run across (a friend � my). v. Here are (two compositions � Tina). 6. We volition leave on (tonight � the flying). 7. This is (the children � the classroom). 8. Have you seen (John � Emerge � houses)? nine. I stayed at my mother-in-law � firm last night. 10. (The cost � living) is rising rapidly present.

������� 8. ������� � ���������� ��������� ������ ���������������, ����������� ������� ����� � ������ �����.

������ :

court sentences � ��������� ����

police faculties, jail term, trial procedure, law-breaker, finger print system, crime problems, crime prevention, crime prevention measures, the Public Wellness Ministry, court practice, labour council, UN fellow member states, crime prevention issues.

������� 9 . ������� � ���������� ��������� ����� � ����������, ����������� �������� ��������� ���������������.

������:

land system of Russia � ��������������� ���������� ������

elected by people, head of the country, separation of powers, headed by the Prime number-Minister, to put out the fire with water, system of courts, appointed by the President, articulate to everybody, to cut with a sharp knife

������� 10. ��������� �������� ���������������� ����������.

A) This is the Sheriff�s Office in Mexico City. The sheriff is sitting � his desk. There are lots of papers and books � his desk. At that place are some photographs of �wanted� men all � the office � the walls. � the sheriff�due south head there is a clock. A prisoner is looking � the bars of the jail cell. A bunch of keys is hanging � the cell � the wall. � the sheriff�s desk there is a filing cabinet with a glaze stand � it.

B) Last year I went � a trip which was an absolute disaster. I was going to Berlin � business when, � accident, I got � the incorrect railroad train. Nosotros were � the way � Brussels before I realized my mistake. When I got � Brussels I had more problems considering all my coin was � German language Marks and I didn�t have my credit card with me. � take chances, I found a helpful policeman, who was before long � the phone to my company. Thanks � his help I was able to adapt for some money to be sent to a nearby banking concern. I spent that night � a hotel and paid my beak � cash before leaving. � the end I got � Berlin twenty-four hours later than I had expected. Everyone idea my trip was a big joke, especially when I told them I had seen Brussels � the way.

������� 11. ��������� ������ ��������� ������ �����������. ���������� ������ .

Ben: Have you seen Martin today?

Sue: Yes. � saw him this morning. � was coming out of the travel agent�s.

Ben: Did � ask �where � was going?

Sue: Yes. He said � was going to Italian republic with Mary for 2 weeks. � was at the travel agent�s also. � both looked very excited and happy.

Ben: Shall � become on vacation together somewhere this yr?

Sue: Mary told � that � had a swell time in Italy last year. Shall � ask � how much � cost?

������� 12. ��������� �������� ������� �������������. ���������� ����������� .

one. Nobody except � knows where the key is kept, and I�m non telling you. 2. �Who bought these flowers?� �It was � . I thought y'all�d like them�. three. �I haven�t met Mark notwithstanding � is � hither?� 4. �I�ve had enough of this political party�. �� too�. v. He�s faster than �, but I�m stronger than � . 6. John�southward 2 years younger than Alice, but ��s virtually as tall as � . 7. �Who said that?� �It was � - the human being in glasses.� 8. You�ve got most the same colour of the eyes as � . 9. You may exist older than �, but I don�t have to do what you say. ten. �Which is John�s wife?� �That must be � just getting out of the automobile.�

������� thirteen. ������� �����������, ���������� ��, ������� ������� ����������� it .

������:

Equally law-breaking nevertheless exists it is important to explain its causes. - ��� ��� ������������ ��� ����������, ����� ��������� �� �������.

It � ���������� ����������, its � �������������� �����������.

1. A crime is a dangerous anti-social act. Information technology affects the interests of the whole society even when information technology is directed against an private person. 2. It is the Parliament that passes new laws. 3. Elections are universal. Information technology means that all citizens at the age of 18 take the right to elect. four. It is the duty of the procurator to withdraw the charge if he finds that the accused is non guilty. five. It is important to give all evidence today. half dozen. I accept a good English dictionary. You may take information technology if you need.

������� xiv . ����������� ����� � ���������� �������, ����� ���������� �����������. ���������� ����������� .

������ :

Try, cases, criminal, civil, the district courts, and.

The district courts effort criminal and civil cases. - �������� ���� ������������� ��������� � ����������� ����.

1. A police inspector, equally, works, he. 2. Prevent, and, the police, criminal offence, detect. 3. The jury, him, of murder, acquitted. 4. Is, the criminal, who? 5. Supervises, the chief clerk, of, the piece of work, the department. 6. Criminal constabulary, criminal offenses, defines. 7. Prison house, predominantly, populations, male person and relatevly young, are. 8. Death sentence, abolished, was, all, murders. 9. Pinkerton, the son sergeant, of, a, police, was. 10. Mafia, is, organized, grouping, a large, of criminals. 11. Congress, the legislative, of the Usa, represents, ability. 12. Business firm, the members, of the Lords, elected, are, non.

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